• Virus-centric water safety became a unifying research driver, spanning detection in large volumes, concentration from sewage, and disinfection/fate studies to curb enteric virus transmission in water systems [2], [5], [8], [9], [15], [19].

• Chlorine-based disinfection chemistry and virus inactivation drove early, guideline-forming work linking chlorine behavior with virus inactivation data to underpin safe drinking water and treated effluents [2], [7], [19].

• Biological treatment and activated sludge emerged as core wastewater management paradigms, connecting microbial processes, sludge dynamics, substrate removal, and virus fate in sewage treatment [6], [9], [13], [14].

• Membrane-based separation and filtration methods rose as central tools, covering virus concentration via membrane techniques, porous membranes for desalination, and adsorption-driven removal in water treatment [5], [8], [12].

• Standardization and methodological rigor in water analysis provided a coherent analytic backbone for quality assessment and regulatory-relevant evaluation across water and wastewater domains [3], [4], [20].